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Insolation and Temperature: Horizontal & Vertical

Telangana Open School (TOSS) · Class 12 · Geography

Quick revision notes for Insolation and Temperature: Horizontal & Vertical — Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Geography. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.

46 questions28 flashcards5 concepts

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Key Topics to Revise

1

Insolation and Its Factors

  • Insolation is the incoming solar radiation received by Earth in the form of short waves.
  • Only about 1/2,000,000,000th of the Sun’s total energy reaches Earth, but it is vital for life and climate.
  • The amount of insolation varies due to three main factors: angle of incidence, duration of day, and atmospheric transparency.
2

Heating and Cooling of the Atmosphere

  • The atmosphere is heated indirectly through four main processes: radiation, conduction, convection, and advection.
  • Radiation is the primary method — the Sun emits short waves; Earth re-emits long waves (terrestrial radiation).
  • Terrestrial radiation heats the atmosphere more than incoming solar radiation.
3

Heat Budget and Global Warming

  • The heat budget is the balance between incoming solar radiation (insolation) and outgoing terrestrial radiation.
  • Out of 100 units of solar energy, 35 units are reflected back (albedo), 14 absorbed by atmosphere, 51 reach Earth.
  • Earth radiates back 51 units — 34 absorbed by atmosphere, 17 lost to space.
4

Horizontal and Vertical Temperature Distribution

  • Temperature distribution is studied both horizontally (across latitudes) and vertically (with altitude).
  • Isotherms are lines on maps connecting places with equal temperature.
  • Horizontal distribution is affected by latitude, land-sea contrast, altitude, winds, ocean currents, relief, vegetation, soil, and slope.

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Full Notes

Key Concepts

Insolation refers to the incoming solarThe heat budget is the balanceGlobal warming is the gradual increaseThe variation of temperature across latitudesThe change in temperature with altitude

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the important topics in Insolation and Temperature: Horizontal & Vertical for Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Geography?
Insolation and Temperature: Horizontal & Vertical covers several key topics that are frequently asked in Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 board exams. Focus on the core concepts listed on this page and practise related questions to build confidence.
How to score full marks in Insolation and Temperature: Horizontal & Vertical — Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Geography?
Understand the core concepts first, then work through the 46 practice questions available for this chapter. Revise formulas and definitions regularly, and use flashcards for quick recall before the exam.

Sources & Official References

Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.

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