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Insolation and Temperature: Horizontal & Vertical — Syllabus

Telangana Open School (TOSS) · Class 12 · Geography

What Insolation and Temperature: Horizontal & Vertical covers in Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Geography: 4 topics, for the 2026-27 session.

46 questions28 flashcards5 concepts

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4 Topics · Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Geography · 2026-27

Topics in Insolation and Temperature: Horizontal & Vertical

1

Insolation and Its Factors

  • Insolation is the incoming solar radiation received by Earth in the form of short waves.
  • Only about 1/2,000,000,000th of the Sun’s total energy reaches Earth, but it is vital for life and climate.
  • The amount of insolation varies due to three main factors: angle of incidence, duration of day, and atmospheric transparency.
2

Heating and Cooling of the Atmosphere

  • The atmosphere is heated indirectly through four main processes: radiation, conduction, convection, and advection.
  • Radiation is the primary method — the Sun emits short waves; Earth re-emits long waves (terrestrial radiation).
  • Terrestrial radiation heats the atmosphere more than incoming solar radiation.
3

Heat Budget and Global Warming

  • The heat budget is the balance between incoming solar radiation (insolation) and outgoing terrestrial radiation.
  • Out of 100 units of solar energy, 35 units are reflected back (albedo), 14 absorbed by atmosphere, 51 reach Earth.
  • Earth radiates back 51 units — 34 absorbed by atmosphere, 17 lost to space.
4

Horizontal and Vertical Temperature Distribution

  • Temperature distribution is studied both horizontally (across latitudes) and vertically (with altitude).
  • Isotherms are lines on maps connecting places with equal temperature.
  • Horizontal distribution is affected by latitude, land-sea contrast, altitude, winds, ocean currents, relief, vegetation, soil, and slope.

Key Concepts

Central concept: Insolation and Temperature

InsolationHeating and Cooling of AtmosphereHeat BudgetGlobal WarmingHorizontal Distribution of TemperatureVertical Distribution of Temperature

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Frequently Asked Questions

What are the important topics in Insolation and Temperature: Horizontal & Vertical for Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Geography?
Key topics in Insolation and Temperature: Horizontal & Vertical include Insolation and Its Factors, Heating and Cooling of the Atmosphere, Heat Budget and Global Warming, Horizontal and Vertical Temperature Distribution. Study these first, then practise questions on each for the Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 board exam.
How should I revise Insolation and Temperature: Horizontal & Vertical for the Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 board exam?
Learn the core ideas first, then work through the 46 practice questions on Insolation and Temperature: Horizontal & Vertical. Revise definitions regularly and use flashcards for quick recall before the exam.

Sources & Official References

Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.

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