Tools and Techniques
CBSE · Class 11 · Biotechnology
Complete topic list for Tools and Techniques in CBSE Class 11 Biotechnology. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.
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Topics in Tools and Techniques
Microscopy
- Magnification is the ability by which retinal image size can be increased via a microscope.
- Resolving power is the ability to form separate images of two objects situated very close to each other.
- Total magnification of a compound microscope equals objective magnification multiplied by eyepiece magnification.
Centrifugation
- Centrifugation separates particles or molecules based on densities under the influence of gravitational force by spinning them at high speed.
- Differential centrifugation separates particles differing in size and density.
- Density-gradient centrifugation separates particles of similar size but differing in densities.
Electrophoresis
- Electrophoresis is a separation method based on charge-to-mass ratio of macromolecules under an electric field.
- The word electrophoresis means movement under electricity.
- In agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments are separated by size only.
ELISA
- ELISA is a quantitative method for measuring antigen and antibody concentration in a sample.
- ELISA was invented by Eva Engvall and Peter Perlman in 1971.
- An enzyme-linked detection system produces a coloured product that is measured using a spectrophotometer or ELISA reader.
Key Concepts
Central concept: Tools and Techniques in Biotechnology
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Sources & Official References
- NCERT Official — ncert.nic.in
- CBSE Academic — cbseacademic.nic.in
- CBSE Official — cbse.gov.in
- National Education Policy 2020 — education.gov.in
Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.
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