Biomolecules
CBSE · Class 11 · Biotechnology
Complete topic list for Biomolecules in CBSE Class 11 Biotechnology. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.
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Topics in Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols with general formula Cₙ(H₂O)ₙ.
- Primary roles: energy source, energy storage, structural components, and informational molecules.
- Classified into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides based on chain length.
Fatty Acids and Lipids
- Lipids are hydrophobic, non-polar organic compounds soluble in organic solvents.
- Fatty acids are long-chain hydrocarbons with a terminal carboxylic acid group; naturally occurring ones have even number of carbon atoms (synthesised from 2-carbon units).
- Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (e.g., stearic acid 18:0, palmitic acid 16:0).
Amino Acids
- Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins; 20 standard amino acids exist.
- General structure: central α-carbon linked to –NH₂ (amino group), –COOH (carboxyl group), –H, and –R (side chain).
- The R group (side chain) is unique to each amino acid; glycine has R = H (simplest); alanine has R = –CH₃.
Protein Structure
- Proteins are made of amino acids linked by peptide (amide) bonds in a linear sequence.
- Peptide bond: formed between α-COOH of one amino acid and α-NH₂ of the next, with loss of a water molecule (condensation reaction).
- Peptide bond has partial double bond character (~40%) due to resonance — restricts free rotation.
Key Concepts
Central concept: Biomolecules: The Building Blocks of Life
Frequently Asked Questions
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Sources & Official References
- NCERT Official — ncert.nic.in
- CBSE Academic — cbseacademic.nic.in
- CBSE Official — cbse.gov.in
- National Education Policy 2020 — education.gov.in
Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.
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