Alternative Dispute Resolution in India (ADR) — Syllabus
CBSE · Class 12 · Legal Studies
What Alternative Dispute Resolution in India (ADR) covers in CBSE Class 12 Legal Studies: 4 topics, for the 2026-27 session.
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Topics in Alternative Dispute Resolution in India (ADR)
Adversarial vs Inquisitorial Systems
- Adversarial system: Parties develop their own case theory, lawyers play proactive roles, judges remain passive decision-makers
- Inquisitorial system: Judges take centre-stage, actively determine facts and evidence presentation methods
- India follows the adversarial system inherited from British colonial legal framework
Introduction to ADR and Court Problems
- ADR aims to provide alternatives to conventional court dispute resolution methods
- Historical roots in Vedic age institutions: Kula, Shreni, Puga tribunals
- Modern ADR gained statutory recognition through Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 and Legal Services Authority Act, 1987
Benefits and Types of ADR
- Key benefits: Time-efficient, cost-effective, informal procedures, flexible timing and venue
- Technical expertise selection possible, non-lawyer neutrals allowed
- Direct party participation increases satisfaction and compliance
Arbitration
- Governed by Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, influenced by UNCITRAL Model Law
- Process: Notice → Arbitrator selection → Statement of claim → Counter-claim → Proceedings → Award
- Types: Domestic, Foreign, Ad-hoc, Institutional, Statutory, International Commercial
Key Concepts
Central concept: Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) provides non-adversarial, cost-effective, and time-efficient mechanisms for resolving disputes outside traditional court systems, including arbitration, mediation, conciliation, Lok Adalat, and various ombudsman institutions.
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Sources & Official References
- NCERT Official — ncert.nic.in
- CBSE Academic — cbseacademic.nic.in
- CBSE Official — cbse.gov.in
- National Education Policy 2020 — education.gov.in
Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.
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