Judiciary
CBSE · Class 12 · Legal Studies
Complete topic list for Judiciary in CBSE Class 12 Legal Studies. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.
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See them allTopics in Judiciary
Structure and Hierarchy of Indian Judiciary
- India follows a single integrated judicial system with Supreme Court at apex
- Three-tier structure: Supreme Court → High Courts → District and Subordinate Courts
- 25 High Courts serve states and union territories
Independence and Constitutional Safeguards
- Article 50 mandates separation of judiciary from executive
- Security of tenure until retirement age (SC: 65, HC: 62 years)
- Fixed salaries from Consolidated Fund, not subject to legislative vote
Supreme Court: Jurisdiction and Powers
- Original Jurisdiction (Article 131): Inter-state and Centre-state disputes
- Writ Jurisdiction (Article 32): Enforcement of fundamental rights
- Appellate Jurisdiction: Appeals from High Courts with substantial legal questions
Public Interest Litigation and Judicial Activism
- PIL allows public-spirited citizens to approach court on behalf of victims
- Relaxed locus standi for socially disadvantaged groups
- Suo moto powers allow courts to take cognizance independently
Key Concepts
Central concept: Indian Judiciary
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Sources & Official References
- NCERT Official — ncert.nic.in
- CBSE Academic — cbseacademic.nic.in
- CBSE Official — cbse.gov.in
- National Education Policy 2020 — education.gov.in
Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.
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