ICSE Class 12 Political Science — Chapter Summary

Political systems are grouped by the way power is organised in the state. Some states concentrate power in one centre, while others divide power among different levels of government. Some systems give real power to the elected legislature, while others place executive power in the hands of a separat

A constitution is the basic set of rules and regulations, written as well as unwritten, by which a government is organised and functions. It defines the powers of government, the rights of the people, and the relationship between the two. A state cannot exist without its own constitution, and a cons

Modern democracy rests on universal adult franchise, representation, political parties, and fair methods of election. Power resides in the people, but it is exercised through elected representatives who act with a mandate from the electorate. The chapter explains who can vote, how representation is