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The Kingdoms Monera, Protoctista And Fungi

NIOS · Class 12 · Biology

Quick revision notes for The Kingdoms Monera, Protoctista And Fungi — NIOS Class 12 Biology. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.

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Key Topics to Revise

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2.1 Kingdom Monera - Prokaryotic Organisms

  • Monera is the ONLY prokaryotic kingdom - lacks true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
  • Includes bacteria, archaebacteria, eubacteria, and cyanobacteria
  • Unicellular or filamentous (some actinomycetes are multicellular)
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2.2 Kingdom Protoctista - Unicellular Eukaryotes

  • Protoctists are unicellular eukaryotes with membrane-bound organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi, chloroplasts in photosynthetic forms)
  • Includes protozoa, diatoms, and unicellular algae
  • Possess nuclear membrane enclosing chromosomes - fundamentally different from Monera
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2.3 Kingdom Fungi - Heterotrophic Eukaryotes

  • Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs - cannot produce own food, absorb organic matter
  • Body composed of slender filaments called hyphae (unicellular or multicellular with nuclei)
  • Cell walls made of chitin (NOT cellulose like plants)
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Comparative Analysis and Classification

  • MONERA vs PROTOCTISTA: Monera = prokaryotic (no nucleus), Protoctista = eukaryotic (true nucleus)
  • MONERA vs PROTOCTISTA: Monera = 70S ribosomes, Protoctista = 80S ribosomes
  • MONERA vs PROTOCTISTA: Monera = no organelles, Protoctista = membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, ER, Golgi, chloroplasts)

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Key Concepts

Kingdom Monera includes all bacteriaA bacterial cell consistsBacteria exhibit four nutritional categoriesBacteria reproduce asexually through binary fissionCyanobacteria (formerly called blue

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