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Chemical Thermodynamics

NIOS · Class 12 · Chemistry

Quick revision notes for Chemical Thermodynamics — NIOS Class 12 Chemistry. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.

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Key Topics to Revise

1

Basic Terminology in Thermodynamics

  • System: The specific part of the universe under study (e.g., reactants and products in a beaker)
  • Surroundings: Everything outside the system (e.g., the beaker, lab, atmosphere)
  • Isolated System: No exchange of matter OR energy with surroundings (e.g., ideal thermos flask)
2

Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions

  • Exothermic reactions RELEASE heat to surroundings — the system loses energy, so ΔH is NEGATIVE
  • Endothermic reactions ABSORB heat from surroundings — the system gains energy, so ΔH is POSITIVE
  • Examples of exothermic: Combustion of fuels, neutralization reactions, adding water to quicklime (CaO)
3

Thermochemical Equations

  • Thermochemical equations specify: balanced chemical equation + physical states + ΔH value
  • Physical states are represented as: (g) = gas, (l) = liquid, (s) = solid, (aq) = aqueous solution
  • Allotropic forms must be specified: C(graphite) or C(diamond)
4

First Law of Thermodynamics and Internal Energy

  • First Law: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; total energy of universe (or isolated system) is constant
  • Mathematical form: ΔU = q + w (IUPAC convention)
  • ΔU = change in internal energy, q = heat absorbed BY the system, w = work done ON the system

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Full Notes

Key Concepts

A system is the partState functions depend only on initialExtensive properties depend on system sizeExothermic reactions release heat to surroundingsEnergy cannot be created or destroyed

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the important topics in Chemical Thermodynamics for NIOS Class 12 Chemistry?
Chemical Thermodynamics covers several key topics that are frequently asked in NIOS Class 12 board exams. Focus on the core concepts listed on this page and practise related questions to build confidence.
How to score full marks in Chemical Thermodynamics — NIOS Class 12 Chemistry?
Start by understanding all key concepts. Practise previous year questions from this chapter. Revise formulas and definitions regularly. Use flashcards for quick revision before the exam.

Sources & Official References

Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.

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