Refraction of Light at Curved Surfaces

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The center of curvature (C) is the center of the sphere of which the curved surface is a part. Any line drawn from the center of curvature to a point on the curved surface becomes the normal to the su…

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The pole (P) of a curved surface is the center point of the curved surface. The line joining the center of curvature and the pole is called the principal axis.

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A ray bends towards the normal when it travels from a rarer to denser medium. At a curved surface, the normal direction changes from point to point, but Snell's law still applies at each point.

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A ray traveling along the principal axis passes through undeviated because it travels along the normal to the surface. According to Snell's law, rays along the normal do not deviate from their path.

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The focal point (F) is the point where parallel rays of light converge after refraction through a convex lens, or the point from which they appear to diverge after passing through a concave lens. Ever…

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Focal length (f) is the distance between the focal point and the optic center of the lens. It is a characteristic property of the lens that determines its converging or diverging power.

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1. Ray along principal axis - passes undeviated 2. Ray through optic center - passes undeviated 3. Ray parallel to principal axis - passes through focus after refraction 4. Ray through focus - becomes…

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When an object is placed at the center of curvature (C₂), a real, inverted image of the same size as the object is formed at the other center of curvature (C₁).