Chemical Bonding

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A chemical bond is the force of attraction between any two atoms or a group of atoms that results in the formation of a stable entity. It is formed when atoms combine to achieve a stable electronic co…

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The octet rule states that atoms of elements tend to undergo chemical changes that help them achieve eight outer-shell electrons. Atoms follow this rule because having eight electrons in the valence s…

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Sodium (Na): Electronic configuration 2,8,1 → Lewis structure: Na• (one dot representing one valence electron) Chlorine (Cl): Electronic configuration 2,8,7 → Lewis structure: •Cl:•:•: (seven dots aro…

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An ionic bond is the electrostatic attractive force that keeps cation and anion together to form a new electrically neutral compound. It forms when electrons are transferred from a metal atom (which b…

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Formation of NaCl: 1. Na (2,8,1) loses 1 electron → Na⁺ (2,8) 2. Cl (2,8,7) gains 1 electron → Cl⁻ (2,8,8) 3. Na⁺ + Cl⁻ → NaCl Both ions achieve octet configuration. The electrostatic attraction betwe…

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A covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing of a pair of valence shell electrons so that both atoms can attain octet or duplet in their valence shell. The electrons shared between two atoms belong to …

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Formation of F₂: - Each F atom has electronic configuration 2,7 - Each F atom needs 1 more electron for octet - Two F atoms share one pair of electrons - F• + •F → F:F or F-F - Both atoms achieve octe…

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Single bond: Sharing of one pair of electrons (e.g., H-H, F-F) Double bond: Sharing of two pairs of electrons (e.g., O=O in O₂) Triple bond: Sharing of three pairs of electrons (e.g., N≡N in N₂) More …