Structure of Atom

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c = νλ Where: c = speed of light (3 × 10⁸ m/s) ν = frequency (s⁻¹) λ = wavelength (m) This is a universal relationship that applies to all waves. As frequency increases, wavelength becomes smaller.

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VIBGYOR: V - Violet (shortest wavelength) I - Indigo B - Blue G - Green Y - Yellow O - Orange R - Red (longest wavelength) Red has higher wavelength and lower frequency, while violet has shorter wave…

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E = hν Where: E = energy of electromagnetic radiation h = Planck's constant (6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ Js) ν = frequency of radiation This equation shows that electromagnetic energy can only be absorbed or emitt…

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1. Electrons occupy 'stationary' orbits of fixed energy at different distances from nucleus 2. Electrons can 'jump' between energy levels by absorbing or emitting energy 3. Energy of electrons is quan…

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An orbital is the region of space around the nucleus where the probability of finding an electron is maximum. Unlike Bohr's fixed orbits, orbitals represent probability regions rather than definite pa…

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The principal quantum number (n) represents: - Size and energy of the main shell - Has positive integer values: 1, 2, 3, 4... - As n increases, shells become larger and farther from nucleus - Higher n…

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The angular momentum quantum number (l) represents: - Shape of the sub-shell - Has integer values from 0 to (n-1) - Each l value represents one sub-shell - Designated by letters: l=0(s), l=1(p), l=2(d…

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The magnetic quantum number (mₗ) represents: - Spatial orientation of orbital in space - Has integer values between -l and +l, including zero - For given l value, there are (2l+1) values of mₗ - Examp…