Carbon and its Compounds
Telangana Board · Class 10 · Physical Sciences
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Why does carbon form compounds mainly by covalent bonding?
Answer
Carbon has 4 electrons in its valence shell and needs 4 more to complete its octet. It cannot easily form C4+ (requires too much energy) or C4- (nucleus with 6 protons cannot hold 10 electrons effecti…
What is catenation? Why is carbon particularly good at it?
Answer
Catenation is the ability of an element to form bonds with its own atoms to create long chains. Carbon is exceptional at catenation because C-C bonds are very strong, allowing carbon to form chains wi…
What is hybridization? Name the three types of hybridization in carbon.
Answer
Hybridization is the redistribution of orbitals of almost equal energy to give new orbitals with identical properties. The three types in carbon are: 1) sp³ hybridization (tetrahedral, 109°28'), 2) sp…
Name the three crystalline allotropes of carbon and their structures.
Answer
1) Diamond - 3D tetrahedral structure with sp³ hybridization, very hard; 2) Graphite - 2D layered structure with sp² hybridization, conducts electricity; 3) Buckminsterfullerene (C₆₀) - spherical cage…
Define hydrocarbons and classify them into two main categories.
Answer
Hydrocarbons are compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. They are classified into: 1) Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) - containing only single bonds (C-C); 2) Unsaturated hydrocarbons - contai…
Write the general molecular formulae for alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
Answer
Alkanes: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ (saturated hydrocarbons); Alkenes: CₙH₂ₙ (one double bond); Alkynes: CₙH₂ₙ₋₂ (one triple bond), where n is the number of carbon atoms.
What is a functional group? Give three examples with their formulae.
Answer
A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that determines the characteristic properties of an organic compound. Examples: 1) Alcohol (-OH), 2) Aldehyde (-CHO), 3) Carboxylic acid (-COOH).
Define homologous series with an example.
Answer
A homologous series is a group of organic compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties, where successive compounds differ by a CH₂ unit. Example: Alkane series - CH₄, C₂H₆, …
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