Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes are named as alkanals by

Aldehydes are named as alkanals by replacing the -e of the parent alkane with -al. The carbonyl carbon is always at position 1 and is not numbered in

Aldehydes and ketones can be prepared

Aldehydes and ketones can be prepared by oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols, ozonolysis of alkenes, hydration of alkynes, and Friedel-Crafts

The C=O bond is polar due

The C=O bond is polar due to higher electronegativity of oxygen, making the carbon electrophilic and susceptible to nucleophilic attack. Aldehydes are

Aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition

Aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition (e.g., with HCN to form cyanohydrins), condensation (e.g., with NH₂ derivatives to form imines), o

Carboxylic acids are more acidic than

Carboxylic acids are more acidic than alcohols due to resonance stabilization of the carboxylate ion. Electron-withdrawing groups like Cl or NO₂ incre