Coordination Compounds

Werner proposed that metals exhibit two

Werner proposed that metals exhibit two types of valency: primary (ionizable) and secondary (non-ionizable). The secondary valency corresponds to the

Ligands are molecules or ions

Ligands are molecules or ions that donate electron pairs to the central metal atom. They can be monodentate (e.g., NH₃), bidentate (e.g., ethylenediam

Coordination compounds are named by first

Coordination compounds are named by first listing ligands in alphabetical order, followed by the metal name. Anionic ligands end in 'o' (e.g., chloro)

VBT explains bonding through hybridization

VBT explains bonding through hybridization of metal orbitals. Ligands donate electron pairs to form coordinate bonds. Depending on whether inner (d²sp

CFT treats ligands as point charges

CFT treats ligands as point charges that split the degenerate d-orbitals of the metal ion. In octahedral fields, d-orbitals split into lower-energy t₂