Spontaneity of Chemical reactions — Chapter Summary

A spontaneous process is one

A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally without any continuous external influence. For example, hot tea cools down on its own, but it won’t

Entropy is a measure of

Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. Gases have higher entropy than liquids, and liquids have higher entropy than solids. W

According to this law

According to this law, the total entropy of the universe always increases in a spontaneous process. That means the sum of entropy changes in the syste

Gibbs energy combines enthalpy and entropy

Gibbs energy combines enthalpy and entropy into a single value: G = H – TS. For processes at constant temperature and pressure, the change in Gibbs en

The standard Gibbs energy change (ΔG°)

The standard Gibbs energy change (ΔG°) is related to the equilibrium constant (K) by the equation: ΔG° = –RT ln K. A negative ΔG° means K > 1, so prod