Chemical Bonding

A chemical bond forms when atoms

A chemical bond forms when atoms achieve a stable electron configuration, typically with eight electrons in their outer shell (octet rule), similar to

Ionic bonds form when electrons

Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from a metal atom to a non-metal atom, resulting in oppositely charged ions held together by strong el

Covalent bonds form when atoms share

Covalent bonds form when atoms share electron pairs to achieve stable octets. The shared electrons are localized between the atoms. Example: H₂, Cl₂,

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory predicts molecular shapes based on electron pair repulsions around the central atom. Lone pairs r

Hybridization involves mixing atomic orbitals (s

Hybridization involves mixing atomic orbitals (s, p, d) to form new hybrid orbitals that explain molecular geometry and bonding. Examples: sp³ in CH₄,