Chemical Bonding

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A chemical bond is an attractive force that holds atoms together in a molecule, resulting in a decrease in overall energy. It forms when atoms achieve stable electronic configurations, typically resem…

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The octet rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve eight electrons in their valence shell, attaining a stable noble gas configuration. This rule explains the formation …

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The Lewis symbol for nitrogen (atomic number 7) is: :N• It has 5 valence electrons — 2 paired and 3 unpaired.

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In NaCl, sodium (Na, 2,8,1) loses one electron to form Na⁺, and chlorine (Cl, 2,8,7) gains one electron to form Cl⁻. The transfer results in both ions achieving noble gas configurations. The electrost…

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1. Low ionization energy – easier to lose electrons. 2. Large atomic size – weaker nuclear attraction on valence electrons. 3. Lower charge – e.g., Na⁺ forms more easily than Mg²⁺. 4. Stable noble gas…

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1. High electron affinity – greater tendency to gain electrons. 2. Small atomic size – stronger nuclear attraction on incoming electrons. 3. Lower charge – e.g., Cl⁻ forms more easily than O²⁻ or N³⁻.

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If the electronegativity difference between two atoms is greater than 1.7, the bond is considered ionic in nature.

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The Lewis structure of H₂O is: H : O : H .. Oxygen has 6 valence electrons, each hydrogen contributes 1. Two bonding pairs and two lone pairs on oxygen. Total electrons = 8 (octet for O).