Substitution of One Part of Speech for Another — Important Questions

Adverb to adjective

Step 1: Identify the original word - 'obviously' is an adverb modifying the entire statement. Step 2: Find the substituted word - 'obvious' is an adjective describing 'it'. Step 3: The suffix '-ly' was removed to convert from adverb to adjective. Step 4: The sentence structure changed to accommodate this transformation, but the core meaning remained the same.

argue

Step 1: Identify the noun 'argument'. Step 2: Remove the suffix '-ment' to find the root. Step 3: The base verb is 'argue'. Step 4: 'Argumentative' is an adjective, 'arguably' is an adverb, and 'arguer' would be a noun referring to a person who argues. Only 'argue' is the correct verb form.

anger

The adjective 'angry' describes 'remark' directly, but the transformed sentence uses the phrase 'made in anger', which requires the noun form 'anger' after the preposition 'in'. Only a noun can follow 'in' this way, so 'angrily' (adverb), 'angered' (verb form), and 'angering' (verb form) do not fit the pattern. This mirrors other adjective-to-noun shifts in the chapter, such as 'brave' becoming 'bravery'-type constructions used with prepositions.

Adjective/gerund to noun

Step 1: Identify 'increasing' which functions as an adjective/gerund modifying 'cybercrimes'. Step 2: Find 'increase' which is a noun in the transformed sentence. Step 3: The '-ing' suffix was removed to convert from the gerund/adjectival form to the simple noun. Step 4: This changes the sentence structure while maintaining the same meaning about cybercrime growth.