ICSE Class 9 History & Civics — Chapter Summary

The Harappan Civilisation was the first major civilisation of the north-western Indian subcontinent. It is also called the Indus Valley Civilisation because many of its early excavated sites lie in the Indus valley. Its discovery pushed back Indian history by at least a thousand years. Knowledge of

The Constitution of India is the supreme legal document of the country. It sets the rules for governance, defines the powers of the three organs of government, and protects citizens from arbitrary decisions. It also ensures smooth governance for the welfare of the people. India became a Sovereign De

The Vedic Period marks the early stage of Indian history when Aryans settled first in the north-western region and later moved towards the Gangetic valley. The age is divided into the Early Vedic Period and the Later Vedic Age. It is known through Vedic literature, epics, iron artifacts, and pottery