The Vedic Period
ICSE · Class 9 · History & Civics
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Sources of Information
- Literary Sources: Vedic literature divided into Shruti (revealed knowledge) and Smriti (remembered knowledge)
- Four Vedas: Rig Veda (oldest, hymns to gods), Sama Veda (melodies), Yajur Veda (ritual formulas), Atharva Veda (magic and charms)
- Brahmanas: Prose commentaries explaining rituals and sacrifices
Early Vedic Society (1500-1000 BCE)
- Settlement in Sapta Sindhu (land of seven rivers) - modern Punjab and Afghanistan
- Patriarchal family system with Grihapati as head
- Tribal organization: Family → Grama (village) → Visha → Jana (tribe)
Later Vedic Society (1000-500 BCE)
- Expansion eastward to Gangetic valley using iron tools
- Kingship became hereditary and divine - elaborate coronation rituals
- Decline of popular assemblies - dominated by chiefs and nobles
Religious Evolution
- Early Vedic: Nature worship - Indra (rain god), Agni (fire), Varuna (water)
- Simple rituals and hymns, no temples or idols
- Later Vedic: Complex rituals, elaborate sacrifices (yajnas)
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