Life Processes in Living Organisms Part -1

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Living organisms need energy for all body functions such as movement, growth, repair, digestion, circulation, excretion, and control of body activities. Food provides the raw material for energy produ…

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Food gives the source of energy, and oxygen helps in complete oxidation of food during aerobic respiration. Both are carried to cells by the circulatory system. Energy is then released in the form of …

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At the body level, respiration means exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the surroundings. At the cellular level, food is oxidized with or without oxygen to release energy.

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Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and occurs in three steps: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transfer chain reaction. Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen and occurs in two steps: glycolysis …

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Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. One glucose molecule is broken down step by step to form pyruvic acid, ATP, NADH, and water. It is the first step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

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Glycolysis was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jacob Parnas through experiments on muscles. That is why it is also called the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, or EMP pathway.

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At the end of glycolysis, two molecules each of pyruvic acid, ATP, NADH, and water are formed from one glucose molecule.

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Pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl-CoA. During this conversion, two molecules of NADH2 and two molecules of carbon dioxide are released.