Indian Freedom Struggle
Telangana Open School (TOSS) · Class 12 · History
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Historical Background of the Freedom Struggle
- India has a long history of resistance against foreign invasions from Persians, Greeks, Mughals, and British.
- Struggles were not only political but also social, religious, economic, and cultural.
- Early resistance included movements against slavery, bonded labor, caste oppression, and religious exploitation.
Major Movements and Events
- 1857 – Sepoy Mutiny: First major armed revolt against British rule.
- 1905 – Partition of Bengal led to widespread protests and Swadeshi Movement.
- 1919 – Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh Massacre intensified anti-British feelings.
Role of Women and Leaders
- Women played a vital role in processions, protests, and underground activities.
- Prominent women freedom fighters include Rani Lakshmibai, Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi, and Aruna Asaf Ali.
- Women fought against social evils like sati, child marriage, and lack of education.
Political Developments and Constitutional Progress
- 1885 – Indian National Congress (INC) founded, first session in Bombay.
- 1906 – Muslim League established to represent Muslim interests.
- 1916 – Lucknow Pact: Hindu-Muslim unity for self-government.
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