The Modern Indian Art — NCERT Solutions

Pata Chitra is a traditional audio-visual storytelling form in which pictures and songs/narration work together to tell a story. It usually conveys well-known myths, legends, or community stories in a direct and easily understood way.

The Baroda artists since the 1980s used a different kind of storytelling. Artists like Gulam Mohammed Sheikh and Bhupen Khakhar made paintings that combined fact and fiction, autobiography and fantasy, and often mixed personal memory with history. Their narratives were not simple linear stories like Pata Chitra; instead, they used many images, symbols, and references from miniature painting, folk art, calendar art, and even foreign art traditions. Their works often showed ordinary life, city lanes, old bazaars, or social experiences, so the viewer had to read the clues and make sense of the story.

So, while Pata Chitra tells a traditional, direct story through images and oral performance, Baroda narrative art tells a modern, layered story through visual experimentation, multiple references, and personal as well as social themes.

New technology such as video and digital media inspired contemporary artists because it gave them new ways to react to the changing social world. The chapter says that after liberalisation in the 1990s, artists began to look for media that could express the effects of globalisation, urban change, social unrest, and new political realities. Traditional easel painting and sculpture became less dominant, while newer media offered more freedom and wider reach.

• Video attracted artists because it could show movement, time, and changing situations more directly than a still image.
• Photography also became important because it allowed multiple copies and could document people and places on the margins of society.
• Installation became especially significant because it combines painting, sculpture, photography, video and television in one space. It creates an immersive experience and surrounds the viewer from all sides.
• Digital art and other new media forms are part of this same shift, where artists experiment with technology to express contemporary life.

The chapter mentions artists like Nalini Malani and Vivan Sundaram as early installation artists, and Atul Dodiya, T. V. Santosh, Shibu Natesan, Sheba Chachi, Ravi Agarwal and Atul Bhalla as artists who used video, photography, and photorealism to deal with violence, urban life, marginalised communities, pollution, and ecological concern.

Thus, new technology inspires contemporary art by expanding both theme and medium: artists can now address present-day issues in more experimental, layered, and interactive ways.