Interpretation of Topographical Maps-II
ICSE · Class 10 · Geography
All formulas from Interpretation of Topographical Maps-II in ICSE Class 10 Geography. Key equations, constants, and identities for board exam preparation.
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1. Grid Reference and Map Reading
Representative Fraction = Distance on the map / Distance on the ground
4 sq cm on map = 1 sq km on ground = 1,000,000 sq m
Area = Length x Breadth
2. Relief, Contours and Landforms
gradient = VI/HE
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