Equilibrium

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Chemical equilibrium is a particular state of a reversible reaction in which the forward and backward reactions occur at the same rate and the concentrations of all reactants and products remain const…

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At equilibrium, the forward and backward reactions continue simultaneously, but at equal rates. The reaction does not stop; only the net change becomes zero. This is why equilibrium is dynamic.

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Equilibrium can be attained only in a closed vessel because there must be no exchange of matter with the surroundings. If products escape, the backward reaction cannot balance the forward reaction, so…

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At constant temperature, the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of active masses of reacting species, with each active mass raised to the power equal to the stoichiome…

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For the reaction aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD, K = [C]^c [D]^d / [A]^a [B]^b Active masses of pure solids and liquids are taken as unity.

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Kc = [NH3]^2 / ([N2][H2]^3) Kp = pNH3^2 / (pN2 · pH2^3) Here, Δn = 2 - (1 + 3) = -2.

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Kp = Kc(RT)^Δn Here, Δn = (sum of stoichiometric coefficients of gaseous products) - (sum of stoichiometric coefficients of gaseous reactants).

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When Q = K, the reaction is in equilibrium. When Q < K, the reaction proceeds in the forward direction. When Q > K, the reaction proceeds in the backward direction.