Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

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Atoms combine to gain stability and lower their potential energy. They do this by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons so that their outer shell becomes more stable, usually like a noble gas configur…

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"During the formation of a molecule, an atom of a particular element gains, loses or shares electrons until it acquires a stable configuration of eight electrons in its valence shell." This rule expla…

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Hydrogen and lithium are exceptions to the octet rule. Their valence shells become stable with 2 electrons, like helium, not 8 electrons.

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Na loses 1 electron and Cl gains 1 electron: Na(s) → Na⁺(g) + e⁻ Cl(g) + e⁻ → Cl⁻(g) Na⁺(g) + Cl⁻(g) → NaCl(s) The oppositely charged ions attract each other by electrostatic force.

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Calcium loses 2 electrons, and two chlorine atoms each gain 1 electron. Ca(s) → Ca²⁺(g) + 2e⁻ Cl₂(g) + 2e⁻ → 2Cl⁻(g) Ca²⁺(g) + 2Cl⁻(g) → CaCl₂(s) The formula is CaCl₂ because the ion charges are 2+ an…

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Ionic compounds contain ions held by strong electrostatic attraction in a crystal lattice. A large amount of heat is needed to overcome these forces, so their melting and boiling points are high.

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In solid ionic compounds, ions are fixed at lattice sites and cannot move. In molten or dissolved state, ions are free to move and carry charge, so conduction becomes possible.

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"The amount of energy liberated in condensing the required number of cations and anions to form the lattice of one gram mole of an ionic compound is called the lattice energy of that compound." Lattic…