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Biotechnology and its Applications

ICSE · Class 12 · Biology

Quick revision notes for Biotechnology and its Applications — ICSE Class 12 Biology. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.

60 questions38 flashcards

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An infographic illustrating the diverse applications of biotechnology, including therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops for agriculture, bioremediation, and waste treatment.
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Key Topics to Revise

1

  • GM crops contain artificially inserted genes (transgenes) with advantages over natural crop
  • Bt cotton: cry1Ac + cry2Ab genes from Bacillus thuringiensis → Cry proteins (Bt toxin) kill bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) larvae; reduces pesticide use
  • Golden Rice: beta-carotene (provitamin A) introduced via phytoene synthase gene from daffodil; addresses vitamin A deficiency
2

  • First recombinant pharmaceutical: Eli Lilly (1982); marketed as Humulin
  • Pro-insulin has A chain, B chain, and C-peptide connecting them
  • Process: A-chain and B-chain genes cloned separately in E. coli
3

  • Hepatitis B vaccine: HBsAg (surface antigen) gene expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae → safer vaccine
  • Recombinant vaccines avoid using live/killed pathogen; use only specific antigen
  • alpha-1-antitrypsin: produced in transgenic sheep for treating emphysema
4

  • Replacing defective gene with functional copy in patient's cells
  • First successful gene therapy (1990): ADA (adenosine deaminase) deficiency causing SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency)
  • Protocol: collect patient T-lymphocytes → introduce ADA gene via retroviral vector → culture → infuse back into patient

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Revision Notes

Detailed revision notes for Biotechnology and its Applications including key definitions, important diagrams, formulas, and concepts.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What are the important topics in Biotechnology and its Applications for ICSE Class 12 Biology?
Key topics in Biotechnology and its Applications include Biotechnology Applications Overview, RNAi Mechanism for Nematode Control, Recombinant Human Insulin — Detailed Production Process. These are the concepts ICSE Class 12 examiners draw on most — study them first, then practise related questions.
How to score full marks in Biotechnology and its Applications — ICSE Class 12 Biology?
Understand the core concepts first, then work through the 60 practice questions available for this chapter. Revise formulas and definitions regularly, and use flashcards for quick recall before the exam.

Sources & Official References

Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.

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