Solutions
ICSE · Class 12 · Chemistry
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1. Basics of Solutions and Types
- A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is called a solution.
- A solution may exist in solid, liquid, or gaseous form.
- The component present in excess and having the same physical state as the solution is the solvent.
2. Concentration Units
- Mass percentage means grams of solute per 100 g of solution.
- Volume percentage means volume of solute per 100 units of solution volume.
- ppm is used for very dilute solutions and gaseous pollutants.
3. Gas Solubility and Henry's Law
- Gases like H2, N2, and O2 are only slightly soluble in water.
- CO2, NH3, and HCl are highly soluble gases and react chemically with water.
- Gas dissolution in liquid is exothermic.
4. Vapour Pressure and Raoult's Law
- A liquid in a closed container reaches dynamic equilibrium between evaporation and condensation.
- Vapour pressure is the pressure exerted by vapour of a liquid at a particular temperature in equilibrium with the liquid.
- Liquids with weaker intermolecular forces have higher vapour pressure.
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