Solutions

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A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. Example: sugar dissolved in water forms a homogeneous liquid solution.

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The component present in excess and whose physical state is the same as that of the solution is called the solvent. The other component present in smaller amount is called the solute. Example: in suga…

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Binary solutions have 2 components, ternary solutions have 3 components, and quaternary solutions have 4 components.

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In solid-liquid solutions, solid is always considered as the solute, regardless of relative amounts. Example: salt in water is a solid-liquid solution, so salt is the solute.

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Mass percentage of solute = (Mass of solute / Mass of solution) × 100 Mass of solution = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent Example: 10 g solute in 100 g solution gives 10% by mass.

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Mass percentage = (Mass of solute / Mass of solution) × 100 = (10 g / 100 g) × 100 = 10% Answer: 10% (by mass)…

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Molarity (M) = number of moles of solute dissolved per litre of solution at a particular temperature. M = n / V It changes with temperature because volume changes with temperature.

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Given: mass of NaOH = 4 g, molar mass = 40 g mol⁻¹, volume = 200 cm³ = 0.2 L Step 1: moles = 4/40 = 0.1 mol Step 2: M = n/V = 0.1/0.2 = 0.5 mol L⁻¹ Answer: 0.5 M…