Solutions
ICSE · Class 12 · Chemistry
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A solution is defined as:
In a sugar-water solution, which is the solvent?
Which concentration unit is temperature-independent?
Henry's Law states that at constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is:
Sample Questions
ppm (parts per million) is used to express the concentration of very dilute solutions like pollutants in the environment.
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True
ppm = mass of solute / mass of solution × 10⁶. It is used for very dilute solutions — for example, 10 ppm SO₂ in air means 10 mL SO₂ per 10⁶ mL of air. Common for pollutants, dissolved oxygen, trace minerals.
The relative lowering of vapour pressure of a solution is equal to:
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Mole fraction of the solute
From Raoult's law: (p° − p)/p° = χ_solute. This is the mathematical statement of relative lowering of vapour pressure.
Ideal solutions obey Raoult's law at all concentrations and temperatures.
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True
An ideal solution obeys Raoult's law at all concentrations and temperatures. For it: ΔH_mix = 0 and ΔV_mix = 0. A–B forces are similar to A–A and B–B forces.
When a non-volatile solute is dissolved in a solvent, the boiling point of the solution:
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Increases
Adding a non-volatile solute lowers vapour pressure. To reach 1 atm (boiling point), a higher temperature is needed. Hence boiling point increases. ΔT_b = K_b × m.
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