Relief

The Nepal Himalayas

Step 1: Sir S. Burrard divided the Himalayas into four regional sections separated by river gorges. Step 2: The Kashmir/Punjab Himalayas lie between the Indus and the Satluj. Step 3: The Himachal/Uttarakhand/Kumaon Himalayas lie between the Satluj and the Kali. Step 4: The Nepal Himalayas are situated between the Kali and the Tista rivers, extending 800 km and containing the highest peaks like Everest, Kanchenjunga, and Annapurna. Step 5: The Assam Himalayas extend between the Tista and the Dihang (Brahmaputra). So, the section between Kali and Tista is the Nepal Himalayas.

Bhabar

Step 1: The Great Plain of north India has several distinct relief sub-divisions. Step 2: The Bhabar lies along the foot of the Shiwaliks from the Indus to the Tista. Step 3: Its key characteristics are: it is 8-16 km wide, composed of pebble-studded porous beds, and streams disappear underground here due to high porosity. Step 4: The Tarai lies south of the Bhabar where these underground streams re-emerge. Bhangar is old alluvium above flood plains. Khadar is the newer flood plain alluvium. Step 5: The porous nature of the Bhabar makes it unsuitable for agriculture, which distinguishes it fro

Bhangar

Step 1: The Great Plain has two important alluvial terrace formations - Bhangar and Khadar. Step 2: Bhangar is composed of old alluvium and forms the alluvial terrace above the flood plains. It is often impregnated with calcareous concretions called kankar, making it less suitable for cultivation. Step 3: Khadar, in contrast, is the flood plain with newer alluvium deposited almost every year during floods, making it very fertile. Step 4: Bhabar is the pebbled zone near the Shiwaliks, and Bhur is the elevated sandy land along the Ganga in the upper Ganga-Yamuna Doab. Step 5: The presence of 'ka

Barkhan (Barchan)

Step 1: The Rajasthan Plain (Great Indian Desert) has several unique landforms. Step 2: A Barkhan or Barchan is a crescent-shaped sand dune that lies transversely to the wind direction with horns trailing out downwind. Step 3: It is formed when the wind direction remains constant and is typically found in the Barmer-Jaisalmer-Ganganagar region. Step 4: A Barchan normally attains a height of 30-35 metres and its width is usually 10 to 20 times its height. Step 5: Barind is a terrace of older alluvium between the Ganga and Brahmaputra. Bhur is a sandy elevated area along the Ganga banks. Tarai i