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Population

ICSE · Class 12 · Geography

Quick revision notes for Population — ICSE Class 12 Geography. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.

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Key Topics to Revise

1

India's Population – A Global Perspective

  • India covers only 2.4% of the world's total surface area (135.79 million sq. km) but supports 17.5% of the world's population.
  • India crossed the one billion mark at the dawn of the 21st century, becoming the second country after China to do so.
  • In 2023, India surpassed China to become the world's most populous country. India's population in 2024 was approximately 143.8 crore.
2

Distribution of Population

  • Population distribution in India is very uneven across states and union territories.
  • Uttar Pradesh has the largest population – 199.5 million (16.49% of India's population).
  • Top 5 most populous states: UP (199.5 mn), Maharashtra (112.3 mn), Bihar (103.8 mn), West Bengal (91.3 mn), Andhra Pradesh (84.6 mn). Together they account for about half of India's population.
3

Density of Population

  • Density of population = number of persons per unit area (persons per sq. km).
  • India's average density in 2011 = 382 persons per sq. km.
  • Density has increased almost five-fold between 1921 (81 persons/sq. km) and 2011 (382 persons/sq. km).
4

Factors Affecting Distribution and Density of Population

  • 1. TERRAIN: Plains support higher density (Great Plain of North India = less than 1/4 of area but more than half the population). Mountains discourage population (Himalayas = 13% of area but only 1-2%
  • 2. CLIMATE: Extremes of climate (too cold in Himalayas, too hot/dry in Thar Desert) discourage population. Moderate climate is favourable. Rainfall is more important than temperature in India.
  • 3. SOIL: Fertile soils (alluvial soils of northern plains, black soil of Deccan Plateau, coastal plains) support high density. Desert, mountain, and laterite soils support low density.

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Full Notes

Key Concepts

Population distribution refers to how peoplePopulation density is the numberA census is a complete countBirth rate is the numberPopulation growth rate is the percentage

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the important topics in Population for ICSE Class 12 Geography?
Population covers several key topics that are frequently asked in ICSE Class 12 board exams. Focus on the core concepts listed on this page and practise related questions to build confidence.
How to score full marks in Population — ICSE Class 12 Geography?
Start by understanding all key concepts. Practise previous year questions from this chapter. Revise formulas and definitions regularly. Use flashcards for quick revision before the exam.

Sources & Official References

Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.

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