Skip to main content
Super TutorResources
Chapter 3 of 10
Syllabus

Franchise and Representation — Syllabus

ICSE · Class 12 · Political Science

What Franchise and Representation covers in ICSE Class 12 Political Science: 4 topics, for the 2026-27 session.

45 questions42 flashcards5 concepts

Interactive on Super Tutor

Studying Franchise and Representation? Get the full interactive chapter.

Quizzes, flashcards, AI doubt-solver and a step-by-step study plan — built for syllabus and more.

Try Super Tutor — Free

Free trial, no card needed.

A comparison chart illustrating and defining one-party, two-party, and multi-party systems with examples.
Super Tutor

An illustration from Super Tutor's Franchise and Representation chapter — alongside flashcards, concept maps and practice questions.

4 Topics · ICSE Class 12 Political Science · 2026-27

Topics in Franchise and Representation

1

1. Universal Adult Franchise

  • Universal adult franchise means the right to vote is given to all adult citizens without discrimination on artificial or unreasonable grounds.
  • Discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste, creed, wealth, language, domicile, colour of skin, sex, culture, or ideology is not justified.
  • Certain groups may be excluded from voting, such as aliens, non-resident citizens, enemies, heinous criminals, traitors, undischarged insolvents, lunatics, and lepers.
2

2. Representation and Theories of Representation

  • Representation is the process through which the attitudes, preferences, viewpoints, and desires of the citizenry are shaped into government action on their behalf by a smaller number among them.
  • Robert von Mohl defined representation as the process through which the influence of the citizenry is exercised on their behalf with binding effect.
  • A. R. Ball classified theories of representation into two categories: liberal-democratic and socialistic or collectivistic.
3

3. Role of Representatives

  • Garner pointed out three positions on the proper role of a representative.
  • First, the representative may be treated as a deputy, delegate, or agent of the constituency.
  • Second, the representative may be treated as a representative of the whole state.
4

4. First Past the Post System and Proportional Representation

  • First Past the Post system is also called the majority vote system or plurality vote system.
  • Under this system, the candidate with the largest number of votes is declared elected.
  • A candidate may win even without more than 50 percent of the votes polled.

Key Concepts

Central concept: Franchise and Representation in modern democracy

Universal Adult FranchiseRepresentationTheories of RepresentationRole of RepresentativesVarieties of RepresentationParty SystemKinds of Party SystemMerits and Critique of Party Systems

Work through every topic in Franchise and Representation with notes and quizzes

Start This Chapter

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the important topics in Franchise and Representation for ICSE Class 12 Political Science?
Key topics in Franchise and Representation include Universal Adult Franchise, Representation and Theories of Representation, Role of Representatives, First Past the Post System and Proportional Representation. Study these first, then practise questions on each for the ICSE Class 12 board exam.
How should I revise Franchise and Representation for the ICSE Class 12 board exam?
Learn the core ideas first, then work through the 45 practice questions on Franchise and Representation. Revise definitions regularly and use flashcards for quick recall before the exam.

Sources & Official References

Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.

More resources for Franchise and Representation

All ICSE Class 12 Political Science Syllabus

For serious students

Get the full Franchise and Representation chapter — start free.

Quizzes, flashcards, an AI doubt solver and a study plan for ICSE Class 12 Political Science. Free to start, no card needed.

Try Super Tutor Free
Try this chapter free