Indian Languages and Literature-II

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Modern Indian literature grew with the rise of regional languages, the Bhakti movement, Christian missionary activity, and later nationalism. These forces helped literature move closer to the common p…

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Khadi Boli is the form of Hindi known as modern Hindi today. It became more prominent later, and its wider use in literature began in the nineteenth century. Khusrau had used it in his compositions in…

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Braj Bhasha, Avadhi, Maithili, and Rajasthani are forms or dialects connected with Hindi. Braj Bhasha was used by Surdas and Bihari, Avadhi by Tulsidas, Maithili by Vidyapati, and Rajasthani is anothe…

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Prithviraj Raso is regarded as the first book in the Hindi language. It gives an account of the exploits of Prithviraj Chauhan and became an important early landmark in Hindi literature.

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Tulsidas wrote Ramcharitmanas in Avadhi. He based it on Valmiki's Ramayana but changed some situations and added new scenes from folklore. He also deified Rama, making the hero more divine in form.

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In Valmiki's Ramayana, Sita's exile is mentioned, but it is not mentioned in Tulsidas's account. Tulsidas also presents Rama as a divine figure rather than only a human hero.

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Surdas wrote in Braj Bhasha and composed Sur Sagar. In it, Krishna is shown as an infant, a young boy full of pranks, and later as a young man with the gopis. This made Krishna stories very popular in…

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Kabir was a Bhakti poet who moved from place to place and used Persian and Urdu words in his poetry. He did not believe in institutionalised religion and was devoted to a formless God.