Ancient World

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Metal use brought major changes in tools, weapons, farming, transport, trade, and settlement life. The Stone Age was followed by the Metal Ages, namely the Bronze Age and the Iron Age.

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Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. It became an important metal in early civilisations because it was useful for making tools, weapons, and implements.

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Chalcolithic cultures were cultures based on the use of stone and copper. They are also called Bronze Age cultures because bronze was invented in this period.

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Town-based civilisations grew for the first time in river valleys because fertile land supported agriculture, surplus food supported craftspeople, and trade and administration became easier in settled…

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Mesopotamia lay between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern-day Iraq. Fertile silt from river floods helped agriculture and led to early urban growth.

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They used Cuneiform script, a writing system made of wedge-like marks and symbols. It was one of the earliest writing systems in the ancient world.

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The rulers of ancient Egypt were called Pharaohs. They ruled with ministers and officers, controlled taxes, and supported the strong religious and administrative system of the kingdom.

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Pyramids were built as tombs for the mummified bodies of dead kings. Egyptians believed in life after death, so they preserved bodies as mummies and placed them in tombs.