Chemical Bonding
NIOS · Class 12 · Chemistry
Flashcards for Chemical Bonding — NIOS Class 12 Chemistry. Quick Q&A cards covering key concepts, definitions, and formulas.
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Get startedWhat are valence electrons and why are they important in chemical bonding?
Answer
Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shell (valence shell) of an atom. They are crucial because: (1) They determine the combining capacity or valency of an atom, (2) They participate direc…
Define a chemical bond and explain how it forms in terms of energy changes.
Answer
A chemical bond is an attractive force that holds atoms together in a molecule. Definition: When two atoms approach each other, the energy of the combined system becomes less than the sum of energies …
Explain Kossel's theory of ionic bond formation using the NaCl example.
Answer
Kossel's Theory: Atoms achieve stable noble gas configuration by losing or gaining electrons. For NaCl formation: Na (2,8,1) loses 1 electron → Na⁺ (2,8 - like Ne). Cl (2,8,7) gains 1 electron → Cl⁻ (…
What is the Born-Haber cycle and why is it important for understanding ionic compound formation?
Answer
Born-Haber Cycle: A thermochemical cycle that breaks down ionic compound formation into individual steps. For NaCl(s): (1) Na(s) → Na(g), ΔH = 108.7 kJ/mol (sublimation), (2) Na(g) → Na⁺(g) + e⁻, ΔH =…
What factors favor the formation of ionic compounds according to Born-Haber analysis?
Answer
Three key factors favor ionic compound formation: (1) Low ionization energy of the metal - easier to remove electrons from metal atoms. (2) High electron affinity of the non-metal - non-metal strongly…
List and explain the characteristic properties of ionic compounds.
Answer
Characteristics of Ionic Compounds: (1) Crystalline solids - ions arranged in regular 3D structure at room temperature. (2) Hard and brittle - strong electrostatic forces, but break when stressed due …
Explain Lewis's theory of covalent bonding and how it differs from Kossel's theory.
Answer
Lewis's Theory: Atoms achieve stable noble gas configuration by SHARING electron pairs (not transferring). Each atom contributes one electron to the shared pair. Example: H· + ·H → H:H (two electrons …
What is a Lewis structure (electron-dot structure)? Draw Lewis structures for O₂ and N₂.
Answer
Lewis Structure: Representation using dots around element symbol to show valence electrons. Rules: (1) Each element symbol represents nucleus + inner electrons. (2) Dots represent valence electrons. (…
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