Chemical Bonding — Flashcards
NIOS · Class 12 · Chemistry
35 flashcards for Chemical Bonding (NIOS Class 12 Chemistry) to test yourself on key terms and facts. Sample: "What are valence electrons and why are they"
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What are valence electrons and why are they important in chemical bonding?
Answer
Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shell (valence shell) of an atom. They are crucial because: (1) They determine the combining capacity or valency of an atom, (2) They participate direc…
Define a chemical bond and explain how it forms in terms of energy changes.
Answer
A chemical bond is an attractive force that holds atoms together in a molecule. Definition: When two atoms approach each other, the energy of the combined system becomes less than the sum of energies …
Explain Kossel's theory of ionic bond formation using the NaCl example.
Answer
Kossel's Theory: Atoms achieve stable noble gas configuration by losing or gaining electrons. For NaCl formation: Na (2,8,1) loses 1 electron → Na⁺ (2,8 - like Ne). Cl (2,8,7) gains 1 electron → Cl⁻ (…
What is the Born-Haber cycle and why is it important for understanding ionic compound formation?
Answer
Born-Haber Cycle: A thermochemical cycle that breaks down ionic compound formation into individual steps. For NaCl(s): (1) Na(s) → Na(g), ΔH = 108.7 kJ/mol (sublimation), (2) Na(g) → Na⁺(g) + e⁻, ΔH =…
What factors favor the formation of ionic compounds according to Born-Haber analysis?
Answer
Three key factors favor ionic compound formation: (1) Low ionization energy of the metal - easier to remove electrons from metal atoms. (2) High electron affinity of the non-metal - non-metal strongly…
List and explain the characteristic properties of ionic compounds.
Answer
Characteristics of Ionic Compounds: (1) Crystalline solids - ions arranged in regular 3D structure at room temperature. (2) Hard and brittle - strong electrostatic forces, but break when stressed due …
Explain Lewis's theory of covalent bonding and how it differs from Kossel's theory.
Answer
Lewis's Theory: Atoms achieve stable noble gas configuration by SHARING electron pairs (not transferring). Each atom contributes one electron to the shared pair. Example: H· + ·H → H:H (two electrons …
What is a Lewis structure (electron-dot structure)? Draw Lewis structures for O₂ and N₂.
Answer
Lewis Structure: Representation using dots around element symbol to show valence electrons. Rules: (1) Each element symbol represents nucleus + inner electrons. (2) Dots represent valence electrons. (…
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