Turning Tides 11th and 12th Centuries
CBSE · Class 7 · Social Science
Quick revision notes for Turning Tides 11th and 12th Centuries — CBSE Class 7 Social Science. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.
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Key Topics to Revise
1. Why the period was a turning point
- Turkic powers entered north India more deeply than earlier invaders.
- The Ghaznavids and later the Ghūrids changed the political balance in north India.
- Some kingdoms resisted strongly, while others expanded in different regions.
2. The Hindu Shāhis and the Khyber Pass
- The Hindu Shāhis ruled Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and Punjab in the 9th and 10th centuries.
- They controlled the Khyber Pass, a major mountain pass through the Hindu Kush range.
- The Khyber Pass was important for invasion, trade, and movement of scholars and monks.
3. Mahmūd of Ghazni and the Ghaznavid invasions
- The Ghaznavid capital was Ghazna, today called Ghazni in Afghanistan.
- Mahmūd of Ghazni defeated Jayapāla and later defeated Ānandapāla in 1008 after a long battle in northern Punjab.
- He conducted 17 campaigns into India.
4. Destruction, plunder, and viewpoints of writers
- Al-Utbi wrote about the splendour of Mathura and about Mahmūd's campaigns.
- Al-Bīrūnī accompanied Mahmūd on some campaigns and wrote about India.
- Al-Bīrūnī translated Patanjali's Yogasutras into Arabic.
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Sources & Official References
- NCERT Official — ncert.nic.in
- CBSE Academic — cbseacademic.nic.in
- CBSE Official — cbse.gov.in
- National Education Policy 2020 — education.gov.in
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