Kingdom Animalia

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1. Grades of organization (cellular, cell-tissue, tissue-organ, organ-system) 2. Body symmetry (asymmetry, radial, bilateral) 3. Body cavity (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate) 4. Germ layers (di…

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Cell aggregate body plan: Cells do not form tissues or organs, minimal differentiation and division of labor among cells. Found in Phylum Porifera (sponges). Cells work as a colony rather than forming…

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Blind sac body plan: Body is like a sac with single opening for both ingestion and egestion. Digestion occurs in this sac-like structure. Found in Phylum Cnidaria (Hydra, jellyfish). The gastrovascula…

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1. Asymmetrical body with numerous pores (ostia) 2. Spongocoel (body cavity) with single osculum 3. Canal system for water circulation 4. Choanocytes (collar cells) create water current 5. Supported b…

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Cnidoblasts are stinging cells found on tentacles of cnidarians. They contain nematocysts (stinging structures) used for: 1. Anchorage 2. Offense (capturing prey) 3. Defense (protection from predators…

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Metagenesis is the alternation of generations between polypoid and medusoid forms. Polyps produce medusae asexually (by budding), and medusae produce polyps sexually (through gametes). Example: Obelia…

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Ctenophores (comb jellies) differ from cnidarians: 1. No cnidoblasts, instead have colloblasts (sticky cells) 2. Eight rows of ciliated comb plates for locomotion 3. Bioluminescent 4. Called acnidaria…

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1. Dorsoventrally flattened body (flat worms) 2. Acoelomate, triploblastic 3. Organ-system level organization 4. Mostly parasitic, few free-living 5. Hooks and suckers for attachment (parasites) 6. Fl…