Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers — Flashcards
Maharashtra Board · Class 12 · Chemistry
20 flashcards for Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers (Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry) to test yourself on key terms and facts.
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Define alcohols and give their general formula. How are they classified based on the carbon atom to which -OH is attached?
Answer
Alcohols are organic compounds containing hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a saturated carbon atom. General formula: R-OH Classification based on carbon: • Primary (1°): -OH attached to primary carbo…
What is the difference between phenols and aromatic alcohols? Give examples.
Answer
Phenols: Hydroxyl group (-OH) directly attached to benzene ring carbon Example: C₆H₅-OH (phenol) Aromatic alcohols: Hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to side chain carbon of aromatic ring Example: C₆H₅-C…
Write IUPAC names for the following compounds: (a) CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-OH (b) (CH₃)₂CH-OH (c) C₆H₅-OH (d) CH₃-O-CH₂-CH₃
Answer
(a) Propan-1-ol (b) Propan-2-ol (c) Benzenol (or Phenol - both accepted) (d) Methoxyethane Naming rules: • Alcohols: Replace -e with -ol, number the position • Phenols: Benzenol or phenol • Ethers: A…
Describe the preparation of alcohols from alkenes by acid-catalyzed hydration. Include the mechanism and Markownikoff's rule.
Answer
Reaction: R-CH=CH₂ + H₂O → H₂SO₄/heat → R-CH(OH)-CH₃ Mechanism: Step 1: H₂SO₄ + alkene → carbocation (follows Markownikoff's rule) Step 2: H₂O attacks carbocation Step 3: Deprotonation gives alcohol …
What is hydroboration-oxidation? How does it differ from acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes?
Answer
Hydroboration-oxidation: Step 1: R-CH=CH₂ + B₂H₆ → (R-CH₂-CH₂)₃B Step 2: (R-CH₂-CH₂)₃B + H₂O₂/OH⁻ → 3 R-CH₂-CH₂-OH Differences: • Anti-Markownikoff addition (OH goes to less substituted carbon) • No …
Explain the preparation of alcohols using Grignard reagents. What types of alcohols are formed from different carbonyl compounds?
Answer
Grignard Reaction: R-MgX + C=O → R-C-OMgX → H₃O⁺ → R-C-OH Products from different carbonyls: • Formaldehyde (HCHO) → Primary alcohol (1°) • Aldehyde (R'CHO) → Secondary alcohol (2°) • Ketone (R'COR''…
Describe the industrial preparation of phenol from cumene (cumene-phenol process). Why is this method commercially important?
Answer
Cumene-Phenol Process: Step 1: C₆H₅-CH(CH₃)₂ + O₂ → C₆H₅-CH(OOH)-CH₃ (cumene hydroperoxide) Step 2: C₆H₅-CH(OOH)-CH₃ + H⁺ → C₆H₅-OH + (CH₃)₂CO Commercial importance: • Both phenol and acetone are val…
Why do alcohols and phenols have higher boiling points than corresponding alkanes? Explain with hydrogen bonding.
Answer
Higher boiling points due to hydrogen bonding: • -OH group forms intermolecular hydrogen bonds • H of one molecule attracts O of another molecule • Strong dipole-dipole interactions • More energy nee…
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