Amines
Maharashtra Board · Class 12 · Chemistry
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What are amines? How are they derived from ammonia?
Answer
Amines are nitrogen-containing organic compounds with basic character. They are derived from ammonia (NH₃) by replacing one, two, or three hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. Structure: R-NH₂ (p…
Classify the following amines as 1°, 2°, or 3° and as simple or mixed: (C₂H₅)₂NH, C₆H₅NH₂, (CH₃)(C₂H₅)(C₃H₇)N
Answer
(C₂H₅)₂NH - 2° amine, simple (symmetrical) because both alkyl groups are same C₆H₅NH₂ - 1° amine (aniline) (CH₃)(C₂H₅)(C₃H₇)N - 3° amine, mixed (unsymmetrical) because all three alkyl groups are diffe…
Write the IUPAC names for: CH₃CH₂CH₂NH₂, (CH₃)₂CHNH₂, and C₆H₅NHCH₃
Answer
CH₃CH₂CH₂NH₂ - Propan-1-amine (CH₃)₂CHNH₂ - Propan-2-amine C₆H₅NHCH₃ - N-methylaniline or N-methylbenzenamine Note: Primary amines are named by replacing 'e' of alkane with 'amine'. Secondary/tertiar…
What is ammonolysis of alkyl halides? Write the reaction mechanism and explain why excess NH₃ is used.
Answer
Ammonolysis is the breaking of C-X bond by ammonia through nucleophilic substitution: R-X + NH₃(excess) → R-NH₂ + HX Mechanism: NH₃ attacks C atom, X⁻ leaves, forming R-NH₃⁺X⁻, then NH₃ removes H⁺ to…
Explain Gabriel phthalimide synthesis with complete reaction sequence.
Answer
Gabriel synthesis produces pure 1° amines: Step 1: Phthalimide + alc. KOH → Potassium phthalimide + H₂O Step 2: K⁺ phthalimide⁻ + R-X → N-alkyl phthalimide + KX Step 3: N-alkyl phthalimide + NaOH(aq)…
What is Hofmann bromamide degradation? Write the reaction and explain the term 'step-down reaction'.
Answer
Hofmann degradation converts amide to 1° amine with one less carbon atom: R-CO-NH₂ + Br₂ + 4KOH → R-NH₂ + K₂CO₃ + 2KBr + 2H₂O Example: CH₃-CO-NH₂ + Br₂ + 4KOH → CH₃-NH₂ + K₂CO₃ + 2KBr + 2H₂O It's c…
Arrange in order of boiling points: Primary amine, Secondary amine, Tertiary amine. Explain the trend.
Answer
Order: Primary amine > Secondary amine > Tertiary amine Explanation: - Primary amines have two N-H bonds → strongest intermolecular H-bonding - Secondary amines have one N-H bond → moderate H-bonding…
Why are lower aliphatic amines soluble in water while higher amines and aromatic amines are not?
Answer
Lower aliphatic amines are water soluble because: - They form H-bonds with water molecules: R-NH₂...H-O-H - Small alkyl groups don't interfere with H-bonding Higher amines are insoluble because: - La…
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