Halogen Derivatives — Flashcards
Maharashtra Board · Class 12 · Chemistry
24 flashcards for Halogen Derivatives (Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry) to test yourself on key terms and facts.
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What are halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons? How are they formed?
Answer
Halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons are organic compounds formed by the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms in aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons with halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br, I). They are form…
Classify halogen derivatives based on the hydrocarbon skeleton and give one example of each.
Answer
Based on hydrocarbon skeleton: 1. Haloalkanes: CH₃-CH₂-Cl (chloroethane) 2. Haloalkenes: CH₂=CH-Cl (vinyl chloride) 3. Haloalkynes: HC≡C-Cl (chloroacetylene) 4. Haloarenes: C₆H₅-Br (bromobenzene) Thes…
Distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl halides with examples.
Answer
Classification based on substitution state of carbon bearing halogen: • Primary (1°): Halogen attached to carbon bonded to one other carbon. Example: CH₃-CH₂-Cl • Secondary (2°): Halogen attached to c…
What are allylic and benzylic halides? Give examples and explain their significance.
Answer
Allylic halides: Halogen bonded to sp³ carbon next to C=C double bond. Example: CH₂=CH-CH₂-Cl (allyl chloride) Benzylic halides: Halogen bonded to sp³ carbon attached to aromatic ring. Example: C₆H₅-C…
Write the IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming alkyl halides and provide examples.
Answer
IUPAC Nomenclature for Alkyl Halides: 1. Select longest carbon chain containing halogen 2. Number chain to give halogen lowest possible number 3. Name as haloalkane (halogen as prefix) Examples: • CH₃…
Describe the preparation of alkyl halides from alcohols using hydrogen halides. Include the mechanism for tertiary alcohols.
Answer
Reaction: R-OH + HX → R-X + H₂O Reactivity order: 3° > 2° > 1° Conditions: • HCl: Use ZnCl₂ (Lucas reagent) for 1° and 2° alcohols • HBr: Use 48% constant boiling HBr • HI: Use NaI/H₃PO₄ (HI generated…
Why is thionyl chloride (SOCl₂) preferred for preparing alkyl chlorides from alcohols?
Answer
SOCl₂ is preferred because: 1. Reaction: R-OH + SOCl₂ → R-Cl + SO₂↑ + HCl↑ 2. Both byproducts (SO₂ and HCl) are gases that escape, making purification easy 3. No side reactions or rearrangements occur…
Explain Finkelstein reaction and Swartz reaction with examples.
Answer
Finkelstein Reaction (Halogen Exchange): R-Cl + NaI → R-I + NaCl↓ (in acetone) Example: CH₃CH₂Cl + NaI → CH₃CH₂I + NaCl Used to prepare alkyl iodides; NaCl precipitates due to low solubility in aceton…
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