Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids — Flashcards
Maharashtra Board · Class 12 · Chemistry
25 flashcards for Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids (Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry) to test yourself on key terms and facts.
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Define carbonyl compounds and identify the functional group present in aldehydes and ketones.
Answer
Carbonyl compounds contain the C=O functional group called carbonyl group. In aldehydes, the carbonyl carbon is bonded to at least one hydrogen (-CHO formyl group). In ketones, the carbonyl carbon is …
How do you distinguish between aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes? Give examples.
Answer
Aliphatic aldehydes: -CHO group attached to sp³ hybridized carbon (saturated carbon). Example: CH₃-CHO (acetaldehyde). Aromatic aldehydes: -CHO group directly attached to aromatic ring. Example: C₆H₅-…
Write the IUPAC naming rule for aldehydes and name CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CHO.
Answer
IUPAC Rule: Replace 'e' of alkane with 'al'. The aldehyde carbon gets number 1. CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CHO = Butanal (4 carbons, longest chain including -CHO).
What is the difference between simple and mixed ketones? Give examples.
Answer
Simple ketones: Both alkyl groups bonded to carbonyl carbon are identical. Example: CH₃-CO-CH₃ (acetone). Mixed ketones: Two different alkyl groups bonded to carbonyl carbon. Example: CH₃-CO-C₂H₅ (but…
Write the balanced equation for Rosenmund reduction and state its use.
Answer
R-COCl + H₂ → Pd/BaSO₄ → R-CHO + HCl. Used to prepare aldehydes from acyl chlorides. BaSO₄ poisons the Pd catalyst to prevent further reduction of aldehyde to alcohol.
Explain the Stephen reaction for preparing aldehydes from nitriles.
Answer
R-C≡N + 2[H] → SnCl₂/HCl → R-CH=NH·HCl → H₃O⁺ → R-CHO + NH₄Cl. Nitriles are reduced to imine hydrochloride, then acid hydrolyzed to aldehydes. Example: CH₃-C≡N → CH₃-CHO (ethanal).
Write the mechanism and product for Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene with acetyl chloride.
Answer
C₆H₆ + CH₃-COCl → AlCl₃ → C₆H₅-CO-CH₃ + HCl. Forms acetophenone (aromatic ketone). AlCl₃ acts as Lewis acid catalyst, generates acylium ion CH₃-CO⁺ which attacks benzene.
Why do aldehydes and ketones have higher boiling points than alkanes but lower than alcohols?
Answer
Aldehydes/ketones have polar C=O bonds causing dipole-dipole attractions (higher b.p. than alkanes). They cannot form hydrogen bonds like alcohols, so lower b.p. than alcohols. Order: Alcohols > Keton…
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