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Carbon and its Compounds

Madhya Pradesh Board · Class 10 · Science

NCERT Solutions for Carbon and its Compounds — Madhya Pradesh Board Class 10 Science.

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A diagram showing the atomic structure of carbon, specifically its nucleus with protons and neutrons, and the distribution of its 6 electrons in the K and L shells, highlighting the 4 valence electron
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28 Questions Solved · 6 Sections

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Q U E S T I O N S

1What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO₂?Show solution
In carbon dioxide, carbon has valency 4 and each oxygen has valency 2. So the carbon atom shares two electron pairs with each oxygen atom. Therefore the structure is O=C=O, with two double bonds.

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2What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur? (Hint – The eight atoms of sulphur are joined together in the form of a ring.)Show solution
The hint says the eight sulphur atoms are joined in the form of a ring. So the electron dot structure is the S₈ ring, where each sulphur atom is bonded to its two neighbouring sulphur atoms by single covalent bonds.

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Q U E S T I O N S

1How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?Show solution
Pentane, C5H12C_5H_{12}, has two structural isomers as shown for the carbon skeletons of butane-like branching in the chapter's idea of structural isomerism.

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2What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see around us?Show solution
The huge number of carbon compounds is due to two properties of carbon: tetravalency and catenation. Carbon forms four covalent bonds and can bond with other carbon atoms to form long chains, branched chains and rings.

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3What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane?Show solution
Cyclopentane is a cyclic saturated hydrocarbon with five carbon atoms. Saturated cyclic hydrocarbons follow the formula CnH2nC_nH_{2n}, so its formula is **C5H10C_5H_{10}. Its electron dot structure is a ring of five carbon atoms** joined by single bonds, with each carbon completing valency by bonding to two hydrogens.

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4Draw the structures for the following compounds.Show solution
The structures are:

(i) Ethanoic acid: CH3COOHCH_3COOH

(ii) Bromopentane: C5H11BrC_5H_{11}Br; a five-carbon chain with a Br atom replacing one hydrogen.

(iii) Butanone: CH3COCH2CH3CH_3COCH_2CH_3

(iv) Hexanal: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CHOCH_3CH_2CH_2CH_2CH_2CHO

For bromopentane, structural isomers are possible because bromine can replace a hydrogen at different positions on the pentane chain.

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5How would you name the following compounds?Show solution
Name each compound by identifying the carbon chain and functional group:

- CH3CH2BrCH_3CH_2Br has two carbons and bromo as prefix → bromoethane.
- HCHOHCHO is a one-carbon aldehyde → methanal.
- H−C−C−C−C−C=C−HH{-}C{-}C{-}C{-}C{-}C{=}C{-}H is a six-carbon chain with one double bond → hexene.

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Q U E S T I O N S

1Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?Show solution
It is an oxidation reaction because ethanol is converted to ethanoic acid by addition of oxygen. Oxidation involves adding oxygen or removing hydrogen.

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2A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used?Show solution
A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is used for welding because it burns with a very hot flame. A mixture of ethyne and air is not used because air does not supply enough oxygen for complete combustion, so the flame is not hot enough for welding.

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Q U E S T I O N S

1How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?Show solution
An alcohol and a carboxylic acid can be distinguished by simple tests:

- Litmus test: Carboxylic acids turn blue litmus red, while alcohols do not affect litmus.
- With sodium carbonate / sodium hydrogencarbonate: Carboxylic acids react to give carbon dioxide gas with effervescence, but alcohols do not.
- Smell: Many alcohols have a characteristic smell, while ethanoic acid has a sour vinegar-like smell.

So, the best chemical test is to add sodium carbonate or sodium hydrogencarbonate; only the carboxylic acid will produce carbon dioxide.

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2What are oxidising agents?Show solution
Oxidising agents are substances that add oxygen to another substance. In the chapter, alkaline potassium permanganate and acidified potassium dichromate are given as oxidising agents.

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Q U E S T I O N S

1Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent?Show solution
Detergents do not form insoluble precipitates with calcium and magnesium ions in hard water. So they remain effective whether the water is hard or soft. Therefore, you cannot check hardness using a detergent.

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2People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, they 'beat' the clothes on a stone, or beat it with a paddle, scrub with a brush or the mixture is agitated in a washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes?Show solution
Soap molecules have a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail and a hydrophilic ionic head. Agitation helps the soap surround oily dirt, form micelles, and pull the dirt away from the cloth so it can be washed off with water.

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E X E R C I S E S

1Ethane, with the molecular formula C₂H₆ hasShow solution
Ethane is C2H6C_2H_6. It has 1 C–C bond and 6 C–H bonds. Total covalent bonds = 1+6=71 + 6 = 7. The printed options do not include 7 as the correct count? Actually they do. So the correct answer is 7 covalent bonds.

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2Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group
3While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that
4Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH₃Cl.
5Draw the electron dot structures for
6What is an homologous series? Explain with an example.
7How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical properties?
8Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also?
9Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?
10Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
11What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue)?
12What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?
13Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions:
14Give a test that can be used to differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
15Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What are the important topics in Carbon and its Compounds for Madhya Pradesh Board Class 10 Science?
Key topics in Carbon and its Compounds include Carbon and its Compounds - Concept Map, Carbon and its Compounds - Complete Chapter Overview, Carbon and its Compounds - Complete Overview. These are the concepts Madhya Pradesh Board Class 10 examiners draw on most — study them first, then practise related questions.
How to score full marks in Carbon and its Compounds — Madhya Pradesh Board Class 10 Science?
Understand the core concepts first, then work through the 76 practice questions available for this chapter. Revise formulas and definitions regularly, and use flashcards for quick recall before the exam.
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This page has free step-by-step NCERT Solutions for every exercise question in Carbon and its Compounds (Madhya Pradesh Board Class 10 Science) — written the way examiners award marks: given, formula, working, answer.

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