Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes have the group RCHO

Aldehydes have the group RCHO, ketones have R2CO, and carboxylic acids have RCOOH or ArCOOH. Aldehydes are named with the suffix -al, ketones with -on

The carbonyl carbon is sp2

The carbonyl carbon is sp2-hybridised with bond angles of about 120°. The carbonyl bond is highly polar, so the carbonyl carbon is electrophilic and t

Aldehydes and ketones are prepared by

Aldehydes and ketones are prepared by oxidation or dehydrogenation of alcohols, ozonolysis of alkenes, hydration of alkynes, Rosenmund reduction, Step

A nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbonyl

A nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon, the hybridisation changes from sp2 to sp3, and a tetrahedral intermediate forms before proton

HCN gives cyanohydrins

HCN gives cyanohydrins, NaHSO3 gives bisulphite addition compounds, alcohols give hemiacetals and acetals or ketals, and ammonia or derivatives give i