Politics of planned development

The Bombay Plan was drafted by leading industrialists and supported planning and a big role for the state in economic development. It was not a plan that supported state-ownership of industry in the sense of full government ownership. So the incorrect statement is (b).

In the early phase of India’s development policy, the main ideas were planning, self-sufficiency, and some discussion of measures like cooperative farming. Liberalisation came much later, so it did not form part of the early phase.

The chapter says planning in India drew on the Bombay Plan, experiences of the Soviet bloc countries, and also the Gandhian vision of society in the sense that development debates included different ideas and influences. It also notes wider social and political pressures from different sections, so among the given options the best answer is all the above.

From the chapter:
- Charan Singh is linked with farmers.
- P. C. Mahalanobis is linked with industrialisation and the Second Plan.
- Bihar Famine is linked with zoning.
- Verghese Kurien is linked with milk cooperatives.

So the correct matching is (a)–iii, (b)–i, (c)–ii, (d)–iv.

At the time of Independence, there were different approaches to development:
- Some leaders wanted industrialisation as the main path.
- Others gave priority to agriculture and the removal of rural poverty.
- There was also disagreement about how much role the state should play, whether there should be central planning, and how far to balance growth with social justice.

The chapter says that although there was a broad consensus on planning and the role of the government, the debate over the kind of planning, the balance between industry and agriculture, and the extent of state control continued. So the debate was not fully resolved; many of these issues continued to produce contestation in later years.