Security in the Contemporary World

i–b, ii–d, iii–c, iv–a.

- Confidence Building Measures (CBMs): exchanging information on defence matters regularly.
- Arms Control: regulates the acquisition or development of weapons.
- Alliance: a coalition of nations meant to deter or defend against military attacks.
- Disarmament: giving up certain types of weapons.

The classifications are:
- a. The spread of chikungunya / dengue fever → non-traditional security concern
- b. Inflow of workers from a neighbouring nation → not a threat
- c. Emergence of a group demanding nationhood for their region → traditional security concern
- d. Emergence of a group demanding autonomy for their region → traditional security concern
- e. A newspaper that is critical of the armed forces in the country → not a threat

Traditional security is mainly concerned with military threats to the state, especially threats from outside borders to sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity. It focuses on the use or threat of use of military force, and includes deterrence, defence, balance of power and alliances.

Non-traditional security goes beyond military threats and includes threats to people and human existence, such as hunger, disease, environmental degradation, terrorism, poverty, migration, human rights violations and epidemics. It is also called human security or global security.

The creation and sustenance of alliances belongs to traditional security, because alliances are coalitions of states formed to deter or defend against military attack.

People in the Third World face a mix of external and internal threats. These include:
- wars with neighbouring countries,
- internal conflicts and civil wars,
- separatist movements,
- border and territorial disputes,
- threats from former colonial powers,
- poverty, migration, refugees, and epidemics.

People in the First World generally faced, especially after the Second World War, mainly external military threats during the Cold War. Their internal security was more or less assured, so they focused mostly on threats from outside their borders.

So, the difference is that the Third World faces more internal as well as external threats, while the First World mainly faced external military threats.

Terrorism is a non-traditional threat to security because it is one of the new sources of threat discussed under non-traditional security.

According to the traditional security perspective, when a state’s security is threatened, it has three basic choices:
1. Surrender to the enemy.
2. Deter the other side by raising the costs of war to an unacceptable level.
3. Defend itself if war actually breaks out, so as to deny the attacking country its objectives and defeat its forces.

In practice, security policy mainly focuses on preventing war and limiting or ending war.