Contemporary Centers of Power

From the chapter timeline:
- EEC was established in 1957.
- ARF was established in 1994.
- EU was established in 1992.
- China’s accession to WTO was in 2001.

So the correct chronological order is EEC → EU → ARF → China’s accession to WTO.

Among the given items:
- b. Establishment of the EEC (1957)
- c. Establishment of the EU (1992)
- d. Birth of ARF (1994)
- a. China’s accession to WTO (2001)

The chapter says the ASEAN Way is a form of interaction that is informal, non-confrontationist and cooperative. So the correct option is b.

The chapter states that China announced the 'open door' policy in 1978. Therefore, the correct answer is China.

From the chapter:
- The 1962 border conflict was over Arunachal Pradesh and the Aksai Chin region of Ladakh.
- ARF was established in 1994.
- China established relations with the United States in 1972.
- The Marshall Plan influenced European recovery and the creation of OEEC in 1948.
- The security body of ASEAN is the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF).

The objectives of establishing regional organisations are to:
- promote economic growth and development,
- ensure social progress and cultural development,
- maintain regional peace and stability,
- encourage cooperation among neighbouring states,
- resolve disputes through dialogue, consultation and negotiation rather than conflict,
- create a more peaceful and prosperous regional order.

In short, regional organisations are formed to make neighbouring countries cooperate for shared prosperity and stability.

Geographical proximity makes regional organisation easier because neighbouring countries usually have:
- common interests and problems,
- similar security concerns,
- easier transport, trade and communication links,
- frequent political, economic and cultural contacts.

Because they are close to one another, they are more likely to cooperate on trade, security and development, and to set up regional institutions. The chapter shows this with EU, ASEAN, and India’s links with its neighbouring regions.

The chapter says ASEAN Vision 2020 defined an outward-looking role for ASEAN in the international community. It builds on ASEAN’s policy of encouraging negotiation over conflicts in the region.

So, its components are:
- an outward-looking ASEAN,
- a role in the international community,
- continued dialogue and negotiation to manage regional conflicts,
- cooperation with member states, dialogue partners and other organisations.