Learning — Syllabus
NIOS · Class 10 · Psychology
What Learning covers in NIOS Class 10 Psychology: 4 topics, for the 2026-27 session. Part of the NIOS Class 10 Psychology syllabus.
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Topics in Learning
1. Meaning and Nature of Learning
- Learning is inferred from changes in external behaviour because it is not directly observable.
- The key feature of learning is experience.
- A change qualifies as learning only when it is relatively enduring.
2. Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning is also called Pavlovian conditioning.
- Ivan P. Pavlov studied stimulus-response relationships using dogs.
- A tone or buzzer was paired with food.
3. Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement
- Operant conditioning is also called instrumental conditioning.
- B.F. Skinner is the most influential psychologist associated with operant conditioning.
- Skinner developed the Skinner Box to study learning in rats.
4. Observational Learning
- Observational learning is the third major way of learning.
- It depends on the existence of an appropriate model.
- Children learn by observing the behaviour of others.
Key Concepts
Central concept: Learning
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