Learning

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Learning is a relatively durable change in behaviour due to experience. It is not just any change in behaviour; the change must last for some time and come from experience or practice.

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Learning is not seen directly. It is inferred from changes in external behaviour, such as better performance, fewer errors, and more fluent action after practice.

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Experience is the key feature of learning. A behaviour change caused by instinct, maturation, illness, or drugs is not counted as learning.

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These are maturational changes. They happen with growth and development, not because of practice or experience, so they are excluded from learning.

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The main types of learning are skill learning, verbal learning, and concept learning. Psychology also describes classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning as major ways o…

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Classical conditioning is a basic type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a natural stimulus and starts producing a response on its own. It is also called Pavlovian condit…

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Ivan P. Pavlov discovered classical conditioning through experiments with dogs. He studied stimulus-response relationships by pairing a tone or buzzer with food.

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The buzzer or tone was the conditioned stimulus, and food was the unconditioned stimulus. The buzzer started to produce salivation after repeated pairing with food.